The Cuban Revolution Of Cuba - 1670 Words

In the 1950’s, tourists visited the island of Cuba for its warm beaches, culture and Spanish colonial architecture. But underneath the surface, was a revolution ready to burst through the Cuban people they just needed the right person to lead them. Cuba at this time was run by a Political Dictator named Fulgencio Batista. Fulgencio Batista was elected President of Cuba between 1940 and 1940. In 1952 Batista declared that constitutional guarantees and the right to strike will be suspended. He became a dictator with absolute power over Cuba. Batista turned the Cuban capital of Havana into one of the largest gambling cities in the world. Batista reorganised the Cuba’s treasury so that political representatives and himself can take freely from the riches. Under Batista’s rule, education and health care wasn’t free to the general public. The Cuban public were not satisfied with Batista and how he was ruling Cuba, the people didn’t have a say in decisions in government, were treated unfairly with high taxes, selling/giving the peoples land to American business owners. Fidel Castro was the man who successfully removed Batista from his cruel dictatorship. In Castro’s early life, he went to three expensive Catholic schools. He was good at sports, and participated and led camping and climbing exhibitions. Castro fought with the other boys and teachers frequently. â€Å"He succeeded in everything. In sports, in studies. And every day he would fight. He had an explosive character.† RaulShow MoreRelated The Cuban Revolution and the Triumph of Women in Cuba Essay2996 Words   |  12 Pagesout of power, and in 1961 Castro deemed the revolution to be officially of a Marxist nature. Throughout his 40-year stay as president, Castro has not allowed his revolution to stall, but rather he has allowed it to progress and adapt as he has seen fit. In relation with Castro’s revolution in Cuba has been another revolution, that of the Cuban women. Castro himself described the changes in women’s public and private lives as a revolution wit hin a revolution. In a true system of equality, as in theRead MoreCuba In Revolution By Antoni Kapcia Discusses Social Change1191 Words   |  5 PagesCuba in revolution by Antoni Kapcia discusses social change and how the world needs to think about Cuba separate from Europe. The book is a well written history that summarizes Cuba in the 1950’s as its own branch of socialism and not an extension of the Soviet Union. It also gave new insight to the ideas of Castro. The books downfall is that it was for the Castro regime, which alienated some readers from the main point of his argument. One of the book’s main arguments is that Cuba is not extentRead MoreAnalysis Of I Am Cuba And The Rehabilitation Of Prostitutes 832 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jill Lane Cultures Contexts: Latin America 1 October 2014 Revolution and Prostitution â€Å"I am Cuba† and The Rehabilitation of Prostitutes present the figure of the prostitute as a representation of Cuba s degraded condition in relation to the United States. The Revolution was interested in the rehabilitation of prostitutes as a metaphor for the rehabilitation of Cuba. â€Å"I Am Cuba† explains the need for revolution in Cuba. The film captures the political oppression and the large disparityRead MoreThe Cuban Revolution : An Single Most Important Event Of 20th Century Latin America1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Cuban Revolution took place over a six-year span from 1953 to 1959. The series of armed rebellions ultimately resulted in the overthrow of the US- backed Cuban government and ushered in a new era of Communist rule. It is often cited as the single most important event of 20th century Latin America. The Cuban Revolution was derived from social unrest and consequently had a major impact on Cuba’s domestic and foreign affairs most notably the installation of a communist government that still rulesRead MoreCuban Revolution And The Revolution1309 Words   |  6 PagesCuba’s history, the Cuban revolution. The factors that caused the revolution and the main events during changed the lives of Cuba’s people as well as North Americans. Cuba was a poor, uneducated, country controlled by a brutal dictator in 1953. The attack on the Moncoda barracks and other confrontations caused the people of Cuba to react – storming the presidential palace and rioting. Castro a nd his men were starting to win against Batista’s despite the numbers. After the revolution Fidel Castro tookRead MoreCuban Revolution By Andrew Caminiti1476 Words   |  6 PagesCuban Communist Revolution By Andrew Caminiti The terrible conditions that many Cuban citizens lived under during the Batista regime was unacceptable. The Cuban Citizens wanted a change and started a revolution. To find out why we go all the way back to 1868 when the United States defeated the Spanish Army giving Cuba its independence. The Cubans elected Fulgencio Batista who did not allow any more elections to take place. This angered many and a new revolution leader formed, Fidel Castro. FidelRead More Cuban Film Industry Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesCuban Film Industry Bennito Mussolini constructed Cinecitta in 1938, the most significant film studio in Europe. Stalin had hi own Private projection. Juan Peron and Mao Zedong shared the fascination, they both married actresses. Francisco Franco was said to have a fantasy of being a movie writer. The leader of the Cuban Revolution follows their footsteps. In 1979 he created, ?The International Film Festival of Havana? and also inaugurates a school for the Cuban youth to follow on their prestigiousRead MoreThe Cuban Revolution And Its Effect On Identity1723 Words   |  7 PagesDreaming in Cuban is a novel by Cuban American author Cristina Garcia. This essay focuses on the impact of the Cuban revolution and its effect on identity within the Cuban diaspora. This essay argues that Dreaming in Cuban illustrates the impact of the Cuban revolution on women and how it has affected their identities as Cuban women. Therefore, this essay will assess the structure of the novel, it will identify key historical, a nd geographical contexts in which these events took place. The essayRead MoreDescribe the Causes and Discuss the Effects of the Cuban Revolution.962 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cuban Revolution, which began in the early 1950’s, was an overthrow of a very corrupt government. It was an attempt to improve the conditions of the Cuban people, but the path was covered in blood and sweat and an informed historian has to ask, was it really worth it? How much actually changed? The main causes of the revolution were the corrupt way in which the country was run, the large role the US played in the running of Cuba and the poor treatment conditions the lower class Cubans livedRead MoreCuban Revolution: Success or Failure? Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesCuban Revolution: Success or Failure? A revolution is known as being an activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation. Cuba during the decade of the 1950s experienced this type of rebellion in search for an enhanced and better-developed society, independent of all outside domination. Cuban citizens were at a point where they needed to be free and be able to enforce the constitution established in 1940, which included amendments stating that Cuba

The Article Birth Control For Kids - 886 Words

The article â€Å"Birth Control for Kids?† was published in 2007 by Time Magazine, and despite being several years old it offers an excellent analysis of sex education in U.S. schools. A middle school in Portland, Maine decided to take a vote on whether it should offer birth control pills to students through the school’s health center. If passed, the vote would allow children as young as eleven-years-old access to contraceptives aside from the traditional condom. In addition, although parental consent would be needed to allow access to the healthcare center, the parents would not necessarily be informed about the nature of the health center visit. Therefore students could obtain birth control without the information ever being disclosed to parent/guardians. Such a controversial vote ignited a great debate throughout the community: among parents, school officials, government officials, and religious leaders. It forced the community to discuss a topic that is still uncomfortable for many confer --youth sex education. â€Å"How should we go about teaching sex education to children?† When should children be exposed to this type of information?† These are the types of questions the community pondered while weighing in on the debate. Despite the sexual revolution of the 1900’s and into the 2000’s, discussing sex education is still a contentious topic even in 2015. The author Nancy Gibbs does a extraordinary job examining the various perspectives of the debate in â€Å"Birth Control for Kids?Show MoreRelatedProblems with Teen Pregnancy in Oklahoma Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesOklahoma has been ranked number two in teen birth rates according to a Tulsa World article. Teen pregnancy has always been a problem in Ame rica. More and more teens are becoming pregnant every day. Most of them can’t afford the expenses of birth control. Others do not know how to prevent it. Teen pregnancy can also cause education problems with the teen. Teen moms are not mature enough to handle raising a kid. Many kids who have parents who were young when they had them are more than likely goingRead MoreIs Abortion Rare And Safe1063 Words   |  5 Pagesscholarly journal article I read is called Making Abortion rare and safe. Abortion is the process where you end pregnancy before the fetus is born, which therefore deceases the fetus. This article is important because this subject has become very prevalent worldwide. Abortion is developing a high increase in numerous of countries, therefore there needs to be a safer abortion awareness or to even make it infrequent in non-serious cases. The author, Duff Gillespie, started of this article by explainingRead MorePersuasive Essay On Contraceptives1180 Words   |  5 Pages In the article â€Å"High Teen Pregnancies Blamed on Contraceptives†, it states that, â€Å"Twenty eight percent of couples who want to use family planning don’t have the money for it,† (Nakabugo). It’s not fair how the people who need it the most don’t have access or money for it. However, people who cannot afford to have contraceptives can’t afford to have children either. Tara Culp-Ressler explains, â€Å"The women who want to avoid pregnancy, but don’t have access to modern forms of birth control are in poorRead MoreMargaret Sanger s The Most Merciful Thing That A Family725 Words   |  3 Pagesthing that a family does to one of its infant members is to kill it.† Sanger was against abortion she believed it was an evil practice they did on women. Margret Sanger was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term birth control, opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into what is today our go to clinic Planned Parenthood. After Margaret the world has increased its health recognitionRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Education1358 Words   |  6 PagesDo Not Have Sex, You Will Get Pregnant Die (Mean Girls) What if a rapist was coming at someone? Do kids know what to do besides lie on the ground and cry? What if a teenager had an unplanned pregnancy? Do they know their options about abortion or adoption or keeping the baby? Will young adults know the results of their choices? Sexual education teaches all of the following, and kids in the curriculum are more likely to defend themselves in a plot when they were approached by a stranger (â€Å"TeachingRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is Becoming A Problem921 Words   |  4 Pagesabsence. Howevver, the best solution for this problem would be birth control and how easy it is to access birth control. For years parents have had the conversation of sex at an early age. However less and less parents are having this conversattions with their kids now. The problem with parents talking to their children is most teenagers are rebellious and stubborn. Parents talk about having sex before marriage or early pregnancy to their kids but most parents don’t talk about their personal experienceRead MoreInternet Research Assignment : High Teen Pregnancy Rate908 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst article came from the Dallas Observer and is titled, â€Å"Here’s How to Fix Texas’ Sky-High Teen Pregnancy Rate† (http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/heres-how-to-fix-texas-sky-high-teen-pregnancy-rate-7626551). The author of the article, Eric Nicholson, is extremely critical of Texas’ sexual education program and voices his criticism with heavy use of sarcasm. This September 28, 2015 article was prompted by Texas’ recent decision to provide low-income teenagers with ac cess to free birth controlRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay940 Words   |  4 Pagespart of the true higher society they always fall just a little short. The Great Gatsby depicts the fight for gender equality that denied women the ability to achieve the American Dream because they held themselves back and they were always having kids so they could not work. The American Dream was unachievable because the women held themselves back. An example of this in The Great Gatsby is Jordan Baker, a bad and careless driver who always has other people looking out for her. In The GreatRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Prevention Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagespregnancy and STDs. C. Birth control pills have to be taken a certain way to be effective. Birth Control 101. (2011). Retrieved November 17, 2011, from The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy: http://stayteen.org/birth-control-101 This article talks about how using birth control will help prevent teen pregnancy. The article also states that abstinence is the only way to prevent pregnancy 100 percent. This article also says what kinds ofRead MorePros and Cons of Censorship in Schools801 Words   |  3 Pages most schools find some way to censor, books, and articles especially. Censorship in schools may have pros and cons, but most feel that there are mostly cons, where censoring is a violation of their First Amendment rights. It violates some of the rights that the First Amendment promises: Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Speech, and in some cases Freedom of Religion. Articles pertaining to sensitive subjects, such as tattoos and birth control, would have a good chance of being censored. When the

Transaction Processing Systems free essay sample

American Internet company that manages eBay. com, an online auction and E-commerce website in which people and businesses buy and sell goods and services worldwide. Customers come to the eBay marketplace to buy and sell items in thousands of categories including collectibles, decor, appliances, computers, furnishings, equipment and vehicles. In addition to its original U. S. website, eBay has established localized websites in thirty other countries.The online auction website was founded in San Jose, California, on September 3, 1995, by French-born Iranian computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb, part of a larger personal site that included. In November 1996, eBay entered into its first third-party licensing deal, with a company called Electronic Travel Auction to use SmartMarket Technology to sell plane tickets and other travel products. The company officially changed the name of its service from AuctionWeb to eBay in September 1997. Basic functions of the IS chosen To get to eBay. com, a user must first know the web address of eBay. The user can simply type in www. ebay. com. my on the internet browser’s address bar. Alternatively, the user may also access eBay by inputting the word â€Å"eBay† on any search engines. After proceeding to the website of eBay, the user is able to browse or search for products wanted. To look for an item, the user does not need to register. The user is allowed to browse, search and watch items as a guest but only limited up to 10. There is a search box for the user to enter what the user is looking for, located on the top left hand corner of the website.The user cannot bid nor buy as a guest. In order to buy a product, the user is required to register an account on the website. The user will have to enter their details such as e-mail address, full name, telephone number and home address to register. The user is also required to create a password which consists of 6 characters or more. The system will capture the data entered and then validate. If the user has made an error in entering the data, the system will display an error message. If there is no error while validating the ata, the system will then save the user’s account information in the company’s database so that users can retrieve their information from the database instead of filling their information again. After signing up, the user can login the account by inputting their username and password. There are four main sections to any auction page, which are â€Å"Title/Overview†, â€Å"Description†, â€Å"Shipping, payment and return policy†, and â€Å"Bidding†. If there are other users who input a higher price, the user will be unable to purchase the product. Besides that, there is a time limit for each bidding product. If the certain period of time is over, the product will disappear and be substituted with another new product. Then, the user has to enter â€Å"confirm bid† before the website shows the details again like the product name and code. So, the customer will have the chance to purchase the product successfully. In contrast, if the user selects â€Å"Buy It Now† and is a Malaysian, the seller will not charge any shipping fee on the user.If the product is delivered with Pos Laju service, there will be an extra charge of RM6 on the user. After that, the customer has to enter â€Å"Now Accepting PayPal† and enter â€Å"Buy It Now†, in order for system to show the user the quantity they are willing to purchase and some brief details of the product. Then, enter â€Å"Commit to Buy† to successfully purchase the product. It does not matter if the user selects â€Å"0 Bid† or â€Å"Buy It Now†, the payment of the product has to be made within 5 working days after placing the order on the website.The payment can be made through Bank Deposit, Cash Deposit, Postal Cash or Bank Draft from any bank. Improvements- Problems encountered and areas to improve There are many ways that can be used to improve the website in order to make it more user-friendly and acceptable by users. The company should update their website on a regular basis. Keeping their website up-to-date is necessary for users to be informed with the latest updates on the website. The company should add a small â€Å"new updates† section on one side or the centre of their homepage. This allows the users to notice new information regarding the transactions or services that are available. Besides that, the company may enhance the security system of the website by making it compulsory for users to create passwords which are of at least 8 characters, consisting of alphabetical and numeric characters. Also, most users tend to create fake identities in order to scam others. To prevent this from happening, the company should add in a column for the users to enter their Identification Card number to register. In addition, the website is lack of information.Firstly, there should be a â€Å"Shopping Cart† so that the user will know how many items they are planning to purchase or bid. There should also be a â€Å"Shopping History† section in order to allow the user to view what they have bought in the past. Moreover, there is no option for the user to print the record of the transaction in hardcopy as a proof of purchase. Some users may want to keep a copy of their transactions. Moreover, the â€Å"register† button on the homepage of the website is too small to be seen. To improve on that, the company should enlarge the â€Å"register† button in order to draw users’ attention.Next, the feedback forum in the website is not efficient enough. The company should add in a forum column so that some of the experienced users could help other new users answer their own precise questions instead of only creating an FAQ(Frequently Asked Questions) on the help section which may not fulfil every need of the users. There should also be a few experienced moderators in charge of the forum to prevent profane language. Furthermore, there should be more choices of languages in the website as not every user in Malaysia is English literate.The changing of languages tab should be on the top right hand corner in order to enable the users to spot the tab faster. After carrying out the opinions suggested, more users may want to pick eBay as their choice of E-commerce website. As the services and quality gets better, users can be served much well than before and will more likely visit the website again to purchase more products. Users will feel more comfortable because they get what they want. Conclusion In conclusion, the Transaction Processing Systems(TPS) of eBay provides a variety of advantages compared to manual operations.

The Demons Lexicon Review Essay Example

The Demons Lexicon Review Paper Essay on The Demons Lexicon Well, I still do not read just junk, but also new items. And The Demons Lexicon definitely one of the most talked about and touted young adult novelties of this year. It even AST we released just after 2-3 months after the release of the English version -. Some fantastic agility, publishing is Jordan Martin and even Mayershu years translates By the way, for a change, this book does not have one) aching awkward main characters 2) vampire 3) love at first sight and to the grave. Shock, is not it? 😉 The story itself is quite two is not very similar to each other brothers and their crazy maman, who hunts for all the magical community of Britain. Older brother, Alan intelligent, kind, loving and all picks on the street homeless kittens. Jr., Nick (part-time the protagonist and narrator) strong, quick, ill-tempered, able to brutally swing your sword and loves only his older brother. And they are the soul lived in the soul, ran from the evil magicians, moving from place to place, trying once again not to annoy his mother We will write a custom essay sample on The Demons Lexicon Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Demons Lexicon Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Demons Lexicon Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Until one day on their doorstep not draw siblings -. Jaime and May, which needed quite a little to save. And then everything went wrong and the relationship between the brothers began to deteriorate, and magicians completely brutalized. In general, the plot appeared female character they always spoil it and complicate So, let-a to impressions.. And they are some kind of mixed On the one hand -. It is fresh, not snotty, concise and takes place in a very interesting world On the other -. I could not when reading rid feeling that Sarah Rees Brennan while writing actively consulted with his good friend Cassandra Clare the same scenario -. cues, with each chapter becoming more and more obvious, and then (chapters 2-3 after like everything guess yourself) will tell you the shocking truth. Claire turned out more or less apply it exactly shocking. . Then somehow not very Another but the main character. At first, like, hes all clear 16-year-old is not very smart and highly stubborn guy. Then the doubts start to creep in and not contradict the author himself? Although, in principle, what the hell with it a difficult childhood and puberty. The other characters are pretty interesting, intelligent, and obviously still show themselves in the following books. So Im ready to close their eyes to inconsistencies, because in the end it turned mrachnenkoe and pleasant teen urban fantasy. Again, no extra mucus that our hard upyrinogo time is rare. Oh, and with a decent ending, allowing to live to continue (The Demons Covenant, Spring 2010) in the sane state. Whereupon otklanivayus tomorrow I have the day attraction. Stock up handkerchiefs and basin, as well as ask you not to pay attention to the possible short-term hysteria in LiveJournal.

Entrepreneurship Maclean Palmer Case Study

Time Management and Motivation Essay Example

Time Management and Motivation Essay Example Time Management and Motivation Essay Time Management and Motivation Essay Time Management and Motivation for Me the Student Idell Heiny GEN/200 March 14, 2011 Lisa Stepp A problem in my day-to-day life that I would like to work on is my time management. I would also like to find a way to stay motivated with school. Time management is a skill I lack and motivation is something I need. I need to learn how to fight management problems such as procrastination and bad habits. If I can only learn how to prioritize tasks and possibly categorize them it might help me with my time management. I seem to take on too much and don’t know how to say no. If I can learn to say no to things that waste time in my life I just might be able to learn how to use time management to my advantage. Sometimes I don’t realize just how much volunteer work I do. This keeps me from accomplishing the essentials. It’s often the little things and things that come up last minute, spur of the moment. It’s feels to me that other people in and around my life don’t know how to manage their time effectively always come to me, last minute of course and expect me to accomplish whatever the task at hand may be. If I could learn how to say no at those times to those people I just might be able to have better time management for myself. If I had extra time for me I just might be able to me motivated about school rather than feeling drained and exhausted by the time I get to school work and posting. When thinking about what I can do to help me better my time, I think about checking out books from my local library also checking with the library to see if they have any seminars or webinars regarding â€Å"time management†. Reading different books from different authors might help me to find a way to manage my time that best fits me and my life style. I’m sure there are plenty of different ways to manage time, but if it’s not something that I can add into my life and be able to use what’s the point. I would be willing to spend the time in researching out my options. I know what the outcome could be and I’m excited to have my time and day managed. This in return might just help me to stay motivated as well. Looking into the University of Phoenix, I could take an extra class that could teach me about time management. This would be a great time for me to do so just for that simple fact that I have my tax returns and I would financially be able to take an additional class. I could check with my student advisor and see what classes are offered how long the class is and what are the dates. If I were to lay this all out right I could possibly be able to take the class as an elective. I might also be able to find a workshop for a day as well to help me with the fundamentals. Again I could check with my local library and also the job center in town. I was lucky enough to start this process early on to do some searching for classes that I could take before this paper was due. To my luck I found a webinar that was offered online. I attended the 2 hour webinar that Jeff Cronk held, Cronk a professor at Stout University talked about solid project management practices such as creating, implementing, monitoring, controlling and delivering as promised to learning ways to get organized and break down the barriers to personal productivity. I took what I could in, what I understood, and what could be applied to my life. Such as creating a â€Å"to do† list writing things down each morning and crossing them off as I complete each task, this is something I can do in my life and will do. I will have a sense of accomplishment once I see what I have done for the day. This will motivate me to want to complete each list each day. If need be I could simply apply one or two things to the next days list as well. Being able to research some techniques it a great start but being able to apply tools and tasks to my life is amazing. I’m going to evaluate all the information that I have been given with the books and the webinar and figure out what works for me and what will not. By knowing my life style what I like and what I want to change will be the determining factor as to what info I will walk away with. Knowing that the ideas I have learned as far as setting goals with dates, creating to do lists and having my local library at my hand when needed will help me to manage my time. These were the little things that were skipped and looked over in my life and day to day routine. Cutting back on volunteer work is something that I will definitely do so that I can work every day on my â€Å"to do† list. I want to have this list as my bible. I will make it important and put it as a priority. Also from my findings in my reading, I will tackle my most complex task first. I will not be intimidated of any task and will tackle it head on!! Reference Brown, R. (2010, April 16). Ill do it tomorrow [Web]. Message posted to http://time-management. bestmanagementarticles. com/a-36902-i-ll-do-it-tomorrow. aspx Editorial Team B, B. (2010, April 13). Work life Balance [Web]. Message posted to http://time-management. bestmanagementarticles. com/a-37578-work-life-balance. aspx Susan Fritz F, (2005). Interpersonal skills for leadership (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Education, Inc..

What was Wilmot proviso and why was it significant Essay

What was Wilmot proviso and why was it significant - Essay Example In spite of the opposition the bill was enacted and this led to some democrats pulling off from the party due to their disagreement. Through the Wilmot Proviso endorsement the Liberty party joined hands with President Martin and together they came up with A Free Soil party which was in support of the Wilmot Proviso bill. In the 1848 elections, the Wilmot Proviso’s terms were a definite challenge to proslavery groups; they were hence ignored by the Whig and Democratic parties but adopted by then Free-Soil party, which later became the Republican Party. They favored excluding slavery from new territories .It was through the bill that the currency was formed. The bill stated a provision of two million dollars ($2milllion) for the Mexican war. This led to the creation of the green paper which was used as a legal tender . For many years, arguments in support of and in opposition to slavery were debated in both churches and newspapers. The House of Representatives passed a rule threatening the discussion of slavery but this issue could no longer be avoided. Lawmakers in both the Senate and the House, the north and south, had to stand up and be

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Help Fictional Story Movie Analysis - Essay Example Despite the difficulties the maids face at the hands of their racist employers, they are so remorseful and take good care of their employers’ children. In fact, the maids are portrayed as so loving to the employers’ children despite the harsh treatments they get from their bosses. Despite being looked down upon by their employers, the maids transform the life of a young white woman by empowering her to write a novel about them. Several themes emerge from the movie some of which include love, racial intolerance, class, and gender. Although the film is based on the Jim Crow era when America was deeply divided along racial line, love features prominently in the film. For instance, although the maids live with abusive employers, they show a lot of love to the children that they take care of. In real life, I have experienced what love can do in the midst of hatred and discrimination. In certain parts of Florida, I have noticed that people’s attitudes toward people of color, Blacks especially, are quite negative. It is not uncommon for one to hear a white expressing his/her dislike for blacks in subtle ways. While some people of color may opt to counter such attitudes and sentiments with negative words, others have taken to ignoring the negative attitudes, instead of countering them with love. From experience, I have realized that the persistent sharing of love with potential adversaries has a huge positive impact. Those who hate their others gradually change their negative attitudes when they are proven to be wrong through acts of love. The film is based mainly on the racism that was being practiced in America in the 1950s. In this regard, the movie tells of how the black maids are abused by their white employers who appears not to appreciate what they do.  

The Phenomenon of Aging Essay Example for Free

The Phenomenon of Aging Essay Aging is an existential phenomenon, which is a natural part of development of universal significance (Erickson, 1963 Havighurst, 1959, in Ponzo, 1992). It is a biological, psychological, and sociological phenomenon. People have specific tasks to accomplish, as they grow older. For example, Erickson views middle age and late adulthood as a time when the individual must develop a sense of generativity and ego integrity or become stagnant and despairing. Jung (1969) believes spirituality is a domain that those over 40 are uniquely qualified to explore. Despite an increased understanding of aging and an ever-growing number of older adults, the elderly have to deal with age-based expectations and prejudices. As with other minority groups, elderly individuals are subject to negative stereotypes and discrimination. For instance, â€Å"older people often are tagged with uncomplimentary labels such as senile, absentminded, and helpless† (McCracken, Hayes, Dell, 1997, in Gladding, 2000). This negative attitudes and stereotypes, which are known as ageism, prevent intimate encounters with people in different age groups and sometimes lead to outright discrimination (Butler Lewis, 1973; Bulter et al., 1998). In a review of attitudes towards older individuals, Atkinson and Hackett (1998) found that elderly persons are considered to be rigid, and not adaptable in their thought processes; thought to be in poor health and not very intelligent or alert; inappropriate to have sexual interest or activity. Negative attitude toward elderly persons were present in college students, and among medical staff who feel uncomfortable around elderly patients. Jokes about old age abound and are primarily negative in nature. These negative stereotypes lead to elderly peoples being viewed as less valued members of society. Older women are even more likely to be viewed negatively by society as a whole. Elderly individuals may come to accept these views and suffer a loss of self-esteem (Sue Sue, 1999). Unfortunately, individuals who are growing old often deny and dread the process, a phenomenon that Friedan (1993, in Belsky, 1999) calls â€Å"the age mystique. † Even counselors are not immune to ageist attitudes (Belsky, 1999). Healthy Old Age Old age can be emotionally healthy and a satisfying time of life with a minimum of physical and mental impairment. Butler et al. (1998) observed that besides the general lack of interest in older persons, science and medicine have been more concerned with treating â€Å"what went wrong† than with clarifying the complex, interwoven elements necessary to produce and support health. Medicine and the behavioral sciences have mirrored societal attitudes by presenting old age as a grim litany of physical and emotional illness. Until 1960, most of the medical, psychological, psychiatric, and social work literature on the aged was based on experience with the sick and the institutionalized, even though only 5% of the older people were confined to institutions. Decline of the individual was the key concept. Fortunately, research studies that have concentrated on the healthy aged give indications of positive potential for the entire age group. What is healthy old age? In 1994, the World Health Organization first defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. † This represents an ideal with many possible interpretations. But the broad elements of health -physical, emotional, and social- is the framework in which one can begin to analyze what is going on well in addition to what is going wrong. The attempt must be made to locate those conditions that enable humans to thrive, not merely survive. The unique developmental task in old age is to clarify, deepen, and find use for what one has already attained in a lifetime of learning and adapting (Butler et al.1998). Erickson (1963) stated it as ego integrity, the psychosocial task of later life involving accepting one’s life in order to accept impending death. The possessor of this integrity is ready to defend the dignity of his or her own life style against all odds, and they know that life has meaning. Paradoxically this sense of personal significance allows them to accept their insignificance in life-that is, the reality of death (Belsky, 1999). According to Atchely (1994) Butler et al. (1998) the ability of the older person to adapt and thrive is contingent on physical health, personality, earlier life experiences, and on the societal supports he or she receives; adequate finances, shelter, medical care, social roles, recreation, and the like. As is true of children, adolescents, and middle-aged, it is imperative that older people continue to develop and change in a flexible manner if health is to be promoted and maintained. Optimal growth and adaptation can occur throughout the life cycle when the individual’s strength and potentials are recognized, reinforced and encouraged by the environment in which he or she lives.

Study on Nutritional Status of School Children

Study on Nutritional Status of School Children A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN IN RURAL, SEMI URBAN AND URBAN AREAS OF CHENNAI. INTRODUCTION: The health and nutritional status of children is an index of national investment in the development of its future manpower. According to World Health Organization, protein energy malnutrition refers to â€Å"imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body’s demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function. This imbalance includes both inadequate and excessive energy intake; the former leading to malnutrition in the form of wasting, stunting and underweight, and the latter resulting in overweight and obesity†. The consequences of child malnutrition are enormous and are intertwined with the development of society. Malnutrition affects the child’s physical and cognitive growth and increases the susceptibility to infections and severity of diseases while having adverse implications on income and economic growth indirectly. According to UNICEF data, 90% of developing world’s undernourished live in Asia and Africa while 40% of the world’s malnourished live in India. The 2013 Global Hunger Index Report ranked India 16th, which represents the serious hunger situation. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data indicates that 43% of children under 5 years of age are underweight and 2% of them are overweight. In India, we face a double jeopardy of malnutrition i.e., children from urban areas are affected with problems of over-nutrition while those from rural area suffer from effects of under-nutrition. The long term consequences of malnutrition on a child-turned-adult are issues of deep concern. Under-nutrition impairs the child’s immune system and weakens the defenses against other diseases. Whereas over-nutrition contributes to childhood obesity and leads to the early onset of hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, coronary heart diseases, orthopedic disorder and other respiratory diseases. School age is the active phase of childhood growth. Poor nutritional status in children leads to high absenteeism and early school dropouts thereby affecting the literacy rate of the country apart from affecting health status of the children. On the other hand, increasing lifestyle changes in urban areas has led to the emergence of over-nutrition and childhood obesity. To evaluate this changing trend and to determine the burden of malnutrition, we attempted to do a cross sectional study to assess the nutritional status of school children (11-14years old). OBJECTIVES: To determine the nutritional status of children based on their BMI and waist hip ratio and its relation to various factors like gender, area of residence and socio-economic status. METHODOLOGY: After being approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Stanley Medical College, a cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in the year 2011 over a period of 3 months from June to September involving 300 children in the age group of 11 to 14 years. Three schools were selected one each in rural area, semi urban area urban area. 100 children from each school were selected as subjects for the study. Data regarding the subjects’ socioeconomic background, religion, dwelling place, three day diet recall and type and duration of physical activities per day. Also their anthropometric measurements including height, weight, circumference of waist and hip were recorded. We have recorded body weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a standard balance scale with subjects barefoot. Height of the children from the floor to the highest point on the head was recorded when the subject was facing directly ahead, barefoot, feet together, arms by the sides. Heels, buttocks and upper bac k were made to be in contact with the wall when the measurement was made. The height was recorded and rounded off to the nearest 1 cm. BMI (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres) of the children were calculated. The waist circumference was measured at the level of umbilicus. The hip circumference was measured at the widest part of the buttocks. Waist hip ratios were calculated. Data was analyzed at the end of 3 months. RESULTS: Based on the statistical analysis done at the end of the data collection, the following results were obtained. Out of the 300 students assessed in the study, 55% of them were boys and 45% were girls; 39.67% belonged to age 11, 14.67% belonged to age 12, 19.33% belonged to age 13 and 26.33% belonged to age 14. Based on socio-economic status, 1.67% belonged to class 1, 17% belonged to class 2, 38% belonged to class 3, 42.67% belonged to class 4 and 0.67% belonged to class 5. On assessing the 300 children for BMI, 67.33% were found to be underweight, of which 29.67% were from rural areas; 6% were found to be overweight or obese, of which 4.67% were from urban areas. The percentage of under-weight children was 65% in semi urban area and 48% in urban area in contrast to 89% in rural area. TABLE 1. Relation between BMI, Waist Hip Ratio and Area of residence Of the 100 children assessed in rural area, only one was found to be overweight and no one was obese. Among the 100 children assessed in the semi urban area, 3 were overweight. Whereas in urban area, 7 children of the 100 were overweight and another 7 were found to be obese. Thus, in urban area, almost 14% of the children were either obese or overweight. This percentage is significantly higher than the 1% and 3% found in rural and semi urban areas. The percentage of the children who were categorized as normal according to their BMI was only 10% in rural but 32% and 38% in semi-urban and urban areas respectively (Figure 1). Figure 1. According to the data obtained, waist hip ratio of the children was also calculated. It is found that 20% of children in rural area and 32% of children in urban area fall under high-risk category of waist hip ratio. Waist Hip ratio more than 1 in boys and 0.85 in girls indicates an increased risk of metabolic complications. Though the frequency of high risk W:H ratio is higher among children from urban areas than that of rural areas, the difference was not statistically significant. The prevalence of underweight was 69.09% among boys and 65.19% among girls. This difference is not statistically significant indicating that there is no evidence of gender inequality in this study (Table 2). TABLE 2. Relation of gender and socio-economic status over BMI Socio-economic status of each child was assessed based on modified Kuppusamy’s scale. The prevalence of underweight children was 84.62% among socio-economic status class 45 and only 54.12% among socio-economic status class 1,2 3. It is evident that there is a significant statistical difference in the prevalence of underweight children in Class 45 as compared to Class 1, 2 3 ( Table 2). Figure 3. The children were also asked about their choice of games and sports. And it was found that nearly 45% of the boys and girls in rural area were involved in games requiring severe physical activity. The mean playtime of children from rural area was 1.6 hours/day. In semi-urban area, only 25% of the boys and girls were involved in games requiring severe physical activity whereas the percentage was only around 15% in urban area. The mean playtime of children from semi-urban and urban areas were 1.6 hours/day and 1.1 hours/day respectively. The three day diet history obtained from the children was analyzed and the average amount of calorie intake per day was calculated for all. The mean calorie consumption of the children, irrespective of their area of residence, was 1333 kcal. The mean calorie intake of children in rural area was found to be 991.7 kcal. The calorie consumption was found to be lesser when compared to the mean calorie intake in semi urban and rural areas, which were 1461.7 kcal and 1545.7 kcal respectively (Figure 4). It was also found that the irregularity in taking meals was the greatest among the children in urban area. Figure 4. DISCUSSION: A healthy child becomes a healthy adult. Of the various factors which determine the health of the child, nutrition plays the most vital role. Low body weight is unhealthy and harmful in the way it has dire consequences on both physical and psychological well-being of a child. Decreased level of thinking, impaired concentration, irritable mood and heightened obsessiveness, while contributing to the psychological effects of malnutrition, undermines the academic performance of a child and leads to the development of a socially withdrawn child. On the other hand, malnutrition has a profound impact on immune system by weakening the defenses and aggravating the effects of infections. Infections contribute to malnutrition by a variety of mechanisms including anorexia and impaired absorption of nutrients. This shows that enteric infection begets malnutrition and malnutrition begets more infections. According to World Bank statistics, Child malnutrition is responsible for 22 percent of India’s burden of disease and contributes to an estimated adult productivity loss of 1.4% of gross domestic product (GDP). It has been estimated to play a role in about half of all child deaths and more than half of child deaths from major diseases, such as malaria, diarrhea, measles and pneumonia. Recent trends in India suggest that there has been a dramatic fall of severe underweight prevalence in urban areas (by 26%) compared to rural areas though the decline in underweight prevalence was considered inadequate according to UNICEF. Our cross-sectional study shows that boys are more likely to be stunted and underweight than girls though there was no significant gender inequality because of limited sample size. Our study determined the point prevalence of underweight children in relation to various factors like gender, age, area of residence and socio economic status while data from various studies indicated that decline in the prevalence of under-nutrition was lesser in girls compared to boys and lesser in scheduled caste scheduled tribe as compared to other castes. Children with normal BMI constitute only 10% in rural areas while 38% of them had normal BMI in urban area. The collected data signify that under-nutrition is the burning problem in rural areas whereas urban areas suffer from the double jeopardy of malnutrition. It showed that mean height and weight of boys and girls was lower than the CDC 2000 standards in all age groups. The prevalence of underweight and stunting was highest among the age group of 11 to 13 years whereas wasting was more prevalent in the age group of 5 to 7 years. In this study, under-nutrition was found to be significantly more prevalent in girls than in boys. Data from our study says that probability of a child being undernourished is higher in rural area than in urban area. A study found that the prevalence of stunting was observed to be 52.3% and severe stunting was 25.1%. The determinants of this study included father’s occupation and income rather than the educational and occupational status of mother in the patriarchal society. In a multivariate study done in Brazil, stunting was found to be significantly associated with low economic income, inadequate protein intake and polyparasitism, especially Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura. Evidences suggest that cell mediated immunity is depressed in malnutrition thereby increasing the duration and severity of infections with increasing degrees of malnutrition. The most common infection related deaths due to malnutrition were diarrhea and acute respiratory infections. Infant feeding practices and mother’s education status form the major determinants of Protein Energy Malnutrition. Better feeding practices were found to reduce the prevalence of stunting by 30%. Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding were found to be more protective when compared to no breastfeeding. The median relative risk of death from diarrhea fell from 25 in no breastfeeding to 8.6 in exclusive or partial breastfeeding highlighting the paramount importance of breastfe eding in the prevention of malnutrition. Hence, it is necessary to cut down the causal factors of malnutrition before the child attains the age of 3 years. Better feeding practices, health awareness, sanitation, sustained availability of nutritious foods for all sections of people and enhanced access to healthcare services are essential steps to attain the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Failure to invest in combating nutrition can have adverse impacts on potential economic growth. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, launched on 2nd October 1975, is India’s unique programme to improve the nutritional status of children by providing supplementary nutrition, pre-school education, immunization and health education for pregnant and nursing mothers. Though ICDS is successful in many ways, decline in undernutrition in India is slower when compared with other developing countries because ICDS Scheme’s mainly focusses on food supplementation rather than health education and children aged 3-6 yea rs rather than younger children (0-3 years). Our study reiterates the trends of malnutrition in relation to various factors and also highlights the need for differential approach in urban and rural areas to combat malnutrition. CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to study the nutritional status of children aged 11-14 years and its relation to various factors like gender, area of residence and socio-economic status. This study also attempted to collect data on the amount of calories consumed per day, frequency and regularity of taking meals and level of physical activity in rural, semi-urban and urban areas. According to our study, 67.33% were underweight and 6% were overweight or obese. The prevalence of under-weight was found to be significantly higher in rural area(89%) than in urban area(48%) while urban area takes the upper hand in the prevalence of over-weight children. Our study also estimated that a child from rural area consumes an average of 991.7 kcal while calorie consumption of a child from urban area is much higher, averaging to 1545.7 kcal. Children belonging to socio-economic status Class 45, according to modified Kuppusamy’s scale, were more deprived of nutrients than the children of upper and middle class. Nutritional status was also found to be slightly poorer in boys than that of girls. The data collected also indicated that the mean calorie consumption of children in rural area was 991.7 kcal when compared to 1461.7 kcal in semi-urban and 1565.7 in urban area. However, the mean playtime of children in urban area was 1.1 hours/day with most of the children opting to play video games in their playtime whereas the mean playtime of a child was 1.6 hours/day in rural area. This data highlights a relative increase in calorie consumption in urban area with increase in sedentary lifestyle thereby setting a stage for the development of childhood obesity. Hence, we conclude our study re-emphasizing the various determinants of malnutrition and highlighting the changing trend in the nutritional status of children in urban, semi-urban and rural area.

Key Ingredients that Engendered the Protestant Reformation Essay

Since the foundations of the Christian faith, the Catholic denomination has consistently been the most powerful and largest church community. The Pope held supreme religious power over the world and eventually held position as an important governmental figure. Throughout the times of the Middle Ages and Renaissance the Roman Catholic Church was the central basis and concern for all people. They forced people to obey their laws and pay sums of money under the threat of possible excommunication if disobedience occurred. The civilians during these time periods were helpless against the church’s power; they could not read or even understand the services or teachings of the Bible, so they were forced to trust the Roman Catholic Church for all knowledge that was shared. However, despite the church’s great religious authority, disputes and lax practices had grown up within the church, but it was not until the invention of the printing press when the followers of the Roman Catholic Church began to recognize such discrepancies. The issues of the sales of indulgences and the elevating power of the Roman Catholic Church lead corruption further into the religious establishment, but due to the invention of the printing press and to the rise of individualism the Protestant Reformation continued to thrive. Before the introduction of indulgences, the Catholic Church practiced the orthodox routine of confessions. The sales of indulgences were created for the sinner to pay their debt out of purgatory, but not to replace the practicing of confessions. The public began rapidly using the sales of indulgences to pardon their sins, rather than attending confessions, but little did they know the profits were going to towards the construction of St. Peter’s Bastille. The sale of indulgences gradually began to be questioned. Were the sales of indulgences in compliance with the scriptures in the Bible? Martin Luther proved and additionally acknowledged that the sales of indulgences were not in scriptural compliance through the postings of his ninety-five theses, and thus revealing a large falsification within the exalted Roman Catholic Church. Beyond the sales of indulgences, no one could argue that the church was not  corrupt. Holding vast wealth, exercising enormous political power and waging war, it was administered by holders of patronage positions that had more interest in lining their pockets that in promoting the welfare of their religious community. The Catholic Church issued a strict set of rules for its followers to obey, but ironically, the church officials were seemingly unable to obey the rubles as well. The celibacy of priests began to be questioned. In Europe, bishops and the clergy often lived like aristocrats, and seemed part of the ruling elite. Corruption was widespread, for example: bishops were not undertaking religious duties, or even not living in their own administrative division. In France, the King rather than the Pope chose people for church positions. These practices for selection of church officials began to resemble the electing of a political figure rather than a church position. The image of the church was beginning to evolve with their power as it began to grow into a governmental house instead of a religious foundation. Unfortunately for the public, the perverse aspects within the church system were not discovered soon enough. It was not until the invention of the printing press that the public could for the first time read their own scriptures of the Bible. Furthermore, the new availability began allowing the readers to form their own religious beliefs and thereafter creating a new sense of individualism. Through the mass production of the Bible from the printing press the church was for the first time opposed by competition through the opinions of the people. They began to realize on their own the false and corrupted practices within the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, a vast majority of the worshipers in the Roman Catholic Church began to convert the teachings of Martin Luther. The public could now see the arguments that Luther made were creditable with scripture to induce them as well. Martin Luther appealed to the masses because he imposed a simple church. He said that the average person could have a relationship with God without going through the religious officials. Luther’s teachings were more applicable to the lifestyles of the common man and in a result the Protestant Reformation was launched. The Catholic Church could not suppress his actions because of the fact that the majority of the public was on his side. Finally, when Martin Luther posted his ninety-five theses he was not searching for a way to create a new protestant belief of religion or to begin a famous movement in history, he was simply surfacing his concerns with the Roman Catholic system. To Luther, indulgences were not right because there were no scriptures to back up the ideas. Eventually the public came to agree with him. The Roman Catholic Church most certainly supplied the ingredients to engender the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther simply acted on them and with the help of publication it was a success. But was the move of many from the Catholic to Protestant a long lasting success? No, over a long period of time many people that converted to Protestantism converted back to Catholicism, but despite this, the actions and reforms accomplished during the Protestant Reformation changed and affected many lives then and to come.

Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing（F.A.S.T） Essay

Introduction Objective measurement is a scientific way to get a good understand about some basic properties of fabric. In this lab, FAST system can provide the accurate measurement to show compression, extension, bending and stability of fabric. The aim of this test is to predict how a fabric will perform when made up into a garment. For fabric manufactures,finishers and garment manufacturers, they can use the results of this test as a basis to do fabric specification, product and process development, quality assurance and process control(Giorgio M. Pier, 1995). Experimental 2.1 Test Methodology The F.A.S.T system, which was developed by the Australian International Wool Bureau, consists of three simple instruments and a test method. The FAST-1 compression meter gives a accurate measurement of fabric thickness at various load, and then surface layer thickness can be easily calculated. With FAST-2, the fabric bending length can be measured according to British Standard (Standard No.BS3356-1961). In this test, bending length is converted into bending rigidity which plays an important role in fabric handle. FAST-3 is testing for fabric extensibility at various loads. According to the results of this part, the ability of a fabric to resist buckling can be revealed. 2.2 Details of Samples Examined There are 9 fabric samples (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I) which are all made up by plain-woven. According to the different sizes and types, those nine samples were divided into three groups. Table I shows the difference among those fabrics. 2.3 Apparatus & Procedure In the test, 5 fabric samples (A,B,C,D,E) are pressed under two different loads of 2g/㎠¡ and 100 g/㎠¡ respectively. The fabric thickness is displayed with a micrometer resolution on the screen. then surface layer thickness can be calculated. First of all, put sample A on the reference surface of apparatus and give a load of 2g/㎠¡ on the fabric. After hearing the â€Å"beep† sound, write down the data showed on the screen. Then do the same oation with a load of 100g/㎠¡, write down the data of T100. Repeat the steps with sample B,C,D,E,F. The FAST-2 works on the cantilever principle,which involves pushing a fabric over a vertical edge until it has bent to specified angle of 41.5Ëš. 6 samples are test in this part (warp A,B,C and weft D,E,F) light cut off the road, extending the length of the specimen holder is bending length, which can calculate the bending stiffness. At first, put the sample A on the plane of measurement instrument, then place a pressing plate on it and ensure the front of sample exceeds 10mm than the plate. Secondly, push the plate and sample forward slowly after the screen shows start. Keeping pushing until the green light turn to red, then push it back to make the light turn green again. Write down the data on the screen. The other five fabric samples are also tested in this way. FAST-3 extension meter measures the fabric extensibility in warp, weft and bias directions under three fixed low loadings (5g/cm, 20 g/cm, 100 g/cm). Firstly, ensure the whole test is did at a stable place. Put all the weight on one side of plate and fix the sample on the apparatus. Then remove the  first weight (75g), and turn the knob clockwise slowly. After hearing â€Å"beep† sound, extension of E5 is displayed on the screen. Next, remove the second weight (400g), so that E20 can be measured. Finally, removing all weights, get the data of E100. Repeat these operations with all 9 samples respectively. Discussion of Results & Conclusions After sorting and analyzing the FAST data, ten of them can be shown on the siroFAST CONTROL CHART FOR TAILORABILITY to assess their properties (as shown on the next page). The fingerprint of E100-1,B2 and G are in the shaded zones which means some potential problems influenced by that property is indicated. The data of F-1 and F-2 which was calculated from FAST-2 shows the good formability of both warp yarn and weft yarn, so that they will not form puckered seams either during or after sewing. Comparing with E100-1 and  E100-2, it is easily to find that weft yarn of wood has a lower extensibility than warp yarn. It means warp sample can move around during cutting, but it also causes problem with sizing, pattern matching at the sewing stage, because E100-1 falls into the danger range. As it was said by Jedda, â€Å" The parameter of bending rigidity relates to the difficulty with which a fabric can be deformed by bending. Bending rigidity is particularly critical in tailoring lightweight fabrics.†( Jedda.H 2007) According to the chart, both of warp yarn and weft yarn have a low values of Bending Rigidity which indicates problems in cutting, handling and sewing. Shear rigidity which is calculated from the bias extensibility measured on FAST-3 can reveal the ability of a fabric to resist buckling. For the bias samples in this test, they will be easily distorted in laying-up, marking and cutting, because the data of G is under the standard.

What to Know Before Buying a Computer essays

What to Know Before Buying a Computer essays Before outlining what to look for when buying a computer. You first have to know what you are going to be using your computer for. You also have to understand that as much technology as you get or as much as you pay for your computer you are going to realize that as time goes on that there will always be cheaper and better equipment. What I am going to do is to draw an outline what I will do if I were looking to buy a computer. The computer that I will buy would be a personal computer that I will The first thing that I will look at would be what type of a PC (personal computer) do I want. The PC that I will look into is the Dell Dimension XPS B1000R model. The reason that I will recommend this model is because of its cheap price, it Also has some features that I would use, good color and graphics and because of its 3 year warranty and because of the 24 hour 7 days a week telephone service that they offer. One of the most important parts is the computers brain which is called the microprocessor. Each microprocessor chip has a identification number on it that tells you about that chip. The higher the number the faster the chip and the faster the chip the more expensive it is. I would recommend getting the 80486 although this is not the fastest chip it still is sufficient enough and it is cheaper then the Pentium. The next piece of equipment that I would look into is what type of a operating I System I Would want my computer to use. There are three types of operating systems The first one is windows 98 the second one is windows 2000 and the third one is My choice would be windows 98 because it is the cheapest of the three also all the new games work with windows 98.It also has the amount of memory that I will want my computer to have. You would want your computer to have at least 128 mb dimm of memory. Windows 2000 is more expensive and does not have the...

10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators

10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators Do you need examples of electrical conductors and insulators? Heres a handy list, but first, lets review just what conductors and insulators are. How Electrical Conductors and Insulators Work Electrical conductors are materials that conduct electricity; insulators dont. Why? Whether a substance conducts electricity depends on how easily electrons can move through it. Protons dont move because, while they would carry electrical charge, they are bound to other protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. Valence electrons are like outer planets orbiting a star. They are attracted enough to stay in position, but it doesnt always take a lot of energy to knock them out of place. Metals readily lose and gain electrons, so they rule the list of conductors. Organic molecules are mostly insulators, in part because they are held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds and also because hydrogen bonding helps stabilize many molecules. Most materials are neither good conductors, nor good insulators. They dont readily conduct, but if enough energy is supplied, the electrons will move. Some materials are insulators in pure form, but will conduct if they are doped with small quantities of another element or if they contain impurities. For example, most ceramics are excellent insulators, but if you dope them, you can get a superconductor. Pure water is an insulator, but dirty water conducts weakly and salt water, with its free-floating ions, conducts well. 10 Electrical Conductors The best electrical conductor, under conditions of ordinary temperature and pressure, is the metallic element silver. Its not always an ideal choice as a material, though, because of its cost and because it tarnishes. The oxide layer known as tarnish is not conductive. Similarly, rust, verdigris, and other oxide layers reduce conductivity. silvergoldcopperaluminummercurysteelironsea waterconcretemercury more conductors: platinumbrassbronzegraphitedirty waterlemon juice 10 Electrical Insulators rubberglasspure wateroilairdiamonddry wooddry cottonplasticasphalt more insulators: fiberglassdry paperporceleinceramicquartz Its worth noting the shape and size of a material affects conductivity. A thick piece of matter will conduct better than a thin piece of the same length. If you take two pieces of a material that are the same thickness, but one is shorter than the other, the shorter one will conduct better. It has less resistance, in much the same way its easier to force water through a short pipe than a long one. Temperature also affects conductivity. As increase temperature, atoms and their electrons gain energy. Some insulators (e.g., glass) are poor conductors when cool, yet good conductors when hot. Most metals are better conductors when cool and poorer conductors when hot. Some good conductors become superconductors at extremely low temperatures. Although electrons flow through a conductive material, they dont damage the atoms or cause wear, like you would get from friction of water in a canyon, for example. Moving electrons do experience resistance or cause friction, however. The flow of electrical current can lead to heating of a conductive material. Do you need more examples? Here is a more comprehensive list that includes thermal conductors and insulators.

Family Systems Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Systems Therapy - Essay Example FST perspective relies upon the assumption that psychological issues are developed and maintained in the social context of families. Such view implies that the therapist should pay attention to the entire family of the patient instead of focusing almost exclusively on the individual needs and symptoms of the patient. Modern forms of FST employ a wide range of methods and techniques from the field of psychotherapy, systems theory, systemic coaching, and communication theory and tend to incorporate several psychotherapeutic approaches including cognitive therapy, narrative perspectives, social constructionist approach, intergenerational theory, etc. (Nichols & Schwartz, 1998). Such variety of paradigms incorporated in FST is due to exceptionally complex, multilateral and multilevel nature of human interactions within the family setting. 1. Experiential: this approach, also termed Symbolic-Experiential Family therapy, was founded by Carl Whitaker in the 1960's. The experiential approach, as its name suggested, emphasized the role of immediate ongoing experience, required the therapist conducting treatment to be active and directive, and stressed the importance of going beyond the tenets of traditional theory. Virginia Satir was another recognized contributor and proponent of the experiential approach (Fraenkel, 1997). 2. Family Systems: this approach founded by Murray Bowen revolves around eight basic concepts, namely Emotional Triangles (three-person relationship system considered the smallest building block of a wider network), Differentiation of Self (psychological liberation of intellect and emotion from the family influences, independence of the self from others), Nuclear Family Emotional System (encompasses 4 primary patterns of relations that affect development of problems in the family context), Family Projection Process (the basic way in which parents transmit their psychological problems to their children), Multigenerational Transmission Process (the way in which smaller dysfunctional patterns are accumulated and passed from one generation to another, which eventually leads to serious psychological problems), Emotional Cutoff (the way of managing emotional problems that emerge in the family by cutting off any emotional contacts with other members), Sibling Position (this concept relies o n the research of Walter Toman and explains the mechanism of how position of the sibling affects behavior and psychological development of other family members), and Societal Emotional Process (explains how the emotional system influences an individual's behavior on a broader societal level). These concepts fully clarify the basic goals of treatment and role of therapist in the Family Systems approach: The person should be detriangulated from the emotional setting within her family context; The system of relations between the spouses or members of family must be adequately defined and clarified to the fullest extent possible; The person must be fully aware of the function of emotional systems; The person must demonstrating differentiation from the

Long Term Care Insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Long Term Care Insurance - Essay Example There are many reasons why retirees have suddenly started to consider the worth of long term care insurance policies. The main reason is however the dramatic increase in the insurance premiums. Buying insurance policies for long term care is basically gambling where risks, cost, and benefits can be calculated. These policies are not like the other insurances where the costs and risks are low but benefits are high; such as fire insurance. The insurance policymakers use tactics to sell their insurance policies by touting scary advertisements about probabilities of seniors spending life in nursing homes. Where the insurance premiums are too high, the benefits are comparatively lower. With insurance premiums of about $2500 annually, 60 year olds and other Americans do not purchase the insurance.The second main reason is due to several misconceptions that Americans have about long term care and insurance policies. The lack of awareness programs have led to many misconceptions which were h ighlighted during several surveys that took place recently on why Americans won’t buy long term care insurance. The biggest misconception that people had was that Medicare is going to cover their long term care. The truth is it does not due to the current system of long term care, the benefits provided by Medicare and Medicaid has reduced. Many Americans also believe that they are too young to buy long term care insurance while others also believe that long term care is already included in their health insurance policy.

Does Thatcherism mark a radical break in British Politics Essay

Does Thatcherism mark a radical break in British Politics - Essay Example The political system implemented a number of social and economic reforms that stabilized the British society on the pillars of constant economic growth and peaceful coexistence of the citizens. The political ideologies fostered by Thatcherism fostered a classical liberalism comparable to the Rogernomics in the United States of America, in New Zealand and the economic rationalism in Australia. The system promoted reduction in the inflation rates and a free market implemented via a tight control of the supply of money into the market. These economic policies resulted in extensive privatization of some of the previous government institutions to give the citizens more control of the economy; it also led to extensive labor reforms (Johnson, 1988). The labor reforms made working conditions better for most of the civil service, and the expansion of the private sector increased the sector’s ability to offer more employment to the population. All these efforts contributed to the develo pment of a strong economy that was the dream of Margret Thatcher and, as research shows, other leaders that had come before her. Butler, Adonis & Travers, (1994) explain that Thatcherism as a system of politics introduced a unique system of governance that the previous regimes had not thought of before. After assuming office in 1979, Thatcher understood why numerous critics had previously referred the country to as ungovernable. Thatcher, on the contrary, sought to stamp her authority as the leader of the most famous political party and as the leader of the government. In most occasions, she bypassed a number of preexisting structures of governance such as parliamentary and cabinet commissions and portrayed a more personal leader of the government especially during crises. This form of administration proved fundamental in times of crises, Thatcher stamped her authority during the Falkland wars and the IRA bombs both in which she took over the management of the military and brought s anity and order once again (Adeney & Lloyd, 1988). With the wide success of the more personal form of administration, Thatcher managed to build a more prosperous society free from terror attacks despite the strong economic growth. The military expanded and developed more loyalty to the leader of the government. The country had previously yearned for this type of governance, and she developed a stable economy, the one in which law, order reigned, and the populace portrayed more spirit of patriotism towards their nation. Thatcher thus tried and tested the new form of governance and passed the mantle to other preceding regimes. To this day and through the elaborative form of David Cameron’s regime, it is evident that the prime minister is more involved with the populace and stamps his authority in the formulation and implementation of policies. Margret Thatcher made official the political system, but prior to her, a number of other political leaders had tried to introduce the ra dical economic reforms and give more economic power to the common person. The decades before Thatcherism, the country had a less favored system of politics referred to as the Buttskellite consensus. This was a purely capitalist system of leadership that made a few influential persons extremely wealthy while the rest of the population was left in abject poverty. Capitalist system of

Tourette Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Tourette Syndrome Essay Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic, familial, neurobiological disorder with its   onset in childhood and is marked by presence of involuntary motor movements and sounds, known as motor and vocal tics respectively (Bagheri, Kerbeshian Burd, 1999). According to Lingui-Systems (1999, cited in Prestia, 2003), approximately 1 in every 2,500 individuals suffer from TS, with boys being diagnosed more frequently than girls. Tourettes syndrome also known as Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (after its discoverer Georges Gilles de la Tourette, a French neurologist), can be considered to be the most complex and severe manifestation of the spectrum of tic disorders (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). Etiology and Pathogenesis The exact cause of TS is not known. TS is supposed to have a multifactorial etiology with, genetic and environmental factors playing an important role in its development. Concordance rate of about 60% in monozygotic twins and 10% in dizygotic twins suggest genetic basis behind TS (Bagheri et al, 1999). The mode of transmission of Tourettes syndrome is controversial. Though the exact patho-physiological mechanism underlying the disease has yet not been discovered, abnormalities in basal ganglia (shown in figure 1) and frontal cortex have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Tourettes syndrome (Bagheri et al). Abnormality in secretion of neuro-transmitters especially dopamine is also thought to be associated with TS (Bagheri et al). Figure1. Brain Structures Involved in Tourette Syndrome Source: John Henkel, J. (2006). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 21 April 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brain_structure.gif Symptoms Tourettes syndrome follows a fluctuating course in most children. Symptoms   usually appear at about 6-7 years of age.   Many factors like anxiety, stress, substance abuse etc can intensify tics. Presence of tics (both motor and vocal) is characteristic of TS. According to American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition- text revision. (DSM-IV-TR, 2000), tics are defined as sudden, rapid, purposeless, repetitive, non-rhythmic, stereotyped movements or vocalizations. Tics in TS are not constantly present (except in extremely severe cases) and occur on a background of normal motor activity (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). This disorder usually begins with simple tics which progress over time into more complex ones.   Different types of simple and complex tics as described by Bagheri et al (1999) which can be seen in patients with TS have been enumerated in table 1. Besides TS, tics can be seen associated with other neurologic disorders like (encephalitis, Huntington’s disease etc). These secondary tics, not associated with Tourette syndrome are commonly referred to as tourettism ((Bagheri et al, 1999). Table 1.Common Types of Tics Seen in Patients with Tourette Syndrome. SIMPLE TICS COMPLEX TICS Motor tics Vocal or phonic tics Motor tics Vocal or phonic tics Eye blinking Throat clearing Flapping arms Talking to oneself Sticking tongue out Sniffing Facial grimacing Assuming different intonations Head turning Barking Adjusting or picking at clothing Coprolalia: blurting out obscene or socially inappropriate words or phrases Jerking of head or shoulders Coughing Complex touching movements Echolalia:   involuntary repetition of the words of others Muscle tensing Yelling Jumping Palilalia: involuntary repetition of ones own words Flexing fingers Hiccupping Shaking feet Kicking Belching Poking and pinching Producing animal sounds Copropraxia: involuntary performance of obscene gestures Kissing self or others Spitting Source: Bagheri, M.M. Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L. (1999). Recognition and management of Tourette’s Syndrome and tic disorders. American Family Physician, 59 (8). Retrieved on 21 April from http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2263.html Motor tics Motor tics can be described as brief movements which occur due to   involuntary muscle contraction. Motor tics can be simple or complex in nature (see table 1). Tics usually occur as an involuntary movement or as a response to an involuntary urge to perform the movement (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). These involuntary movements are often perceived as voluntary by the patient and he tries to suppress them. Suppression of tics results in building up of an inner tension or a feeling of discomfort. This leads a further burst of tics which is relieved after performance of the movement (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). Vocal tics Vocal or phonic tics represent involuntary sounds produced due to contraction of   nasal or oro-pharyngeal muscles (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). Like somatic motor tics, vocal tics can also be divided into simple and complex tics (shown in table 1). Coprolalia once thought to be characteristic of TS is present in about 8-25% cases (Bagheri et al, 1999). Another type of speech disturbance present in some patients is ‘blocking tics’. They are manifested by either hesitancy in starting the speech or sudden interruption in the flow of normal speech (Kwak Jankovic, 2002) Developmental stuttering is also sometimes seen in patients with TS (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). Tourette’s syndrome is often associated with other co-morbid conditions like obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), behavior problems and learning disabilities (Prestia, 2003). Diagnosis Diagnosis of TS is usually made clinically based on recognition of tics. The Diagnostic criteria for TS as defined by American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition- text revision. (DSM-IV-TR), 2000 is shown in table 1. Table 1. DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Tourettes Disorder A Presence of both motor and vocal tics at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently. B The tics occur many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly every day or intermittently throughout a period of more than 1 year, and during this period there is never a tic-free period of more than 3 consecutive months. C The onset of symptoms is before the age of 18 years. D TS is diagnosed after ruling out the presence of symptoms due to direct effect of drugs of abuse or general medical conditions (e.g., Huntingtons disease or post viral encephalitis). Treatment      Ã‚  Ã‚  Treatment of TS may require a multi-disciplinary team approach involving   neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, educators etc. (Kwak Jankovic, 2002).An algorithm for management of TS as described by Bagheri et al (1999) is shown in figure 2. Pharmacological therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Medical therapy should aim at the treatment of most disabling symptom. Tics   (both vocal and motor) respond best to dopamine blocking drugs (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). These can include conventional neuroleptics like haloperidol and pimozide and the atypical neuroleptic agents like risperidone. Neuroleptic agents are associated with numerous side effects like sedation, weight gain, impaired academic performance, in children and extra pyramidal movement symptoms (like tardive dyskinesia). Since TS is frequently associated with other co-morbid conditions like OCD, ADHD etc, pharmacotherapy should be tailored to treat these conditions as well (Kwak Jankovic, 2002). For e.g. Central nervous system stimulants (amphetamines and dextroamphetamine) can be used for treatment of ADHD and anti-depressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) for management of OCD, if present. Injections of botulinum toxin can be used for tics isolated to one body region such as the eyes, neck, or vocal cords. Non-Pharmacologic interventions Since TS most commonly affects children in the age when they are attending school, symptoms of TS can affect their academic performance, cause inference with their social-emotional development, and impose limitations due to physical disabilities produced as a result of tics (Prestia, 2003). It is the duty of educational providers, school personnel and parents to keep these limitations in mind and to draw out an adequate plan incorporating carefully thought out interventions and adaptations, in order to enhance the success and performance of children suffering with TS, at school (Prestia, 2003). Behavior treatment and counseling can be used to promote development of social and academic skills in children and to prevent exacerbation of symptoms related to TS, by modifying their behavior (Bagheri et al, 1999). Source: Bagheri, M.M. Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L. (1999). Recognition and management of Tourette’s Syndrome and tic disorders. American Family Physician, 59 (8). Retrieved on 21 April from http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2263.html Prognosis TS is a lifelong disorder with an unpredictable course (Prestia, K. (2003). The   clinical course of TS as described by Bagheri et al (1999) is shown in figure 3.   As shown in figure 3, symptoms of TS diminish during and after adolescence in about 85% of patients. About 5 to 10 % of patients may show no improvement. Most patients with TS require medication for up to one to two years. About 15 % of patients may require long-term medication for tic control.                Figure 3. Clinical Course of Tourettes Syndrome Source: Bagheri, M.M. Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L. (1999). Recognition and management of Tourette’s Syndrome and tic disorders. American Family Physician, 59 (8). Retrieved on 21 April from   http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2263.html Conclusion TS is not an uncommon problem and can be often encountered in school children. TS is a multifactorial neurological disorder requiring an integrated treatment approach targeting at the other co-morbid conditions associated with TS, as well. Treatment must also incorporate an effective multi-disciplinary team approach aiming at treatment and recognition of underlying complex mechanisms, solving speech and language problems and promoting socio-emotional and academic development to substantially improve the quality of life and performance of individuals with TS. Article Review The article by Prestia, 2003 focuses on need of educators to understand the special academic, social-emotional, and physical needs of the children suffering from TS. Educators need to make use of simple interventions to help these children overcome their illness and achieve best possible performance at school. TS can cause significant academic, social-emotional, and physical challenges for the child as described below: Academic Challenges TS does not directly affect intelligence, and many students with TS have average or above average IQs. Still approximately 40% of individuals with TS can have learning problems. This is so as many individuals with TS have associated comorbid disorders like learning disabilities, OCD, ADHD, Asperger syndrome etc. Assistance can be provided through special education services or individualized education program (IEP) or a 504 Plan. If the student does not qualify for either, classroom teachers can make use of simple interventions and plans by using available resources and their own knowledge .For e.g. if the child is having trouble with writing, teachers can make use of alternatives like using oral assessment tests instead of written assignments, using multiple-choice questions etc. Since stress can precipitate tics, teachers should take steps to eliminate any source of stress for the student. Social-emotional Challenges Children with TS tend to have problems in interacting with and being accepted by their peers due to abnormal behavior produced as a result of motor and vocal tics. Such children may become isolated and depressed and are at risk for developing poor self-esteem and self-confidence. They are also easy targets to bullying. Educators should take steps to encourage acceptance and support of such students by their peers. Physical Challenges Underlying physical problems accompanying the disorder often go unaddressed. Educators should properly assess these problems by consulting a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) involving a physical therapist, occupational therapist, and adapted physical education teacher in order to determine the students motor strengths and areas of need. For e.g.   Impairments in sensory processing or motor planning may interfere with normal day to day non-academic activities like toileting, eating lunch, etc. Simple solutions can be offered by the MDT to facilitate independence and to prevent self-harm during the period of tic release in such children.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my view this article provides helpful suggestions that can be utilized in school settings. In order to achieve optimal development and performance of these students, educators must make use of simple and carefully thought out interventions. They should find out ways to promote social-emotional development and also help them in coping with learning and physical disabilities, imposed by the tics. References American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental   disorders, fourth edition- text revision.   (2000). Retrieved on 21 April from http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/touretteTR.htm Bagheri, M.M., Kerbeshian, J., Burd, L. (1999). Recognition and management of   Tourette’s Syndrome and tic disorders. American Family Physician, 59 (8). Retrieved on 21 April from http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2263.html Kwak, C. Jankovic, J. (2002). The Neurology of a Tic: From the Point of View   of the Scientist. Retrieved on 21 April 2007 from http://www.asha.org/about/publications/leader-online/archives/2002/q3/020806a.htm Prestia, K. (2003).Tourettes syndrome: Characteristics and interventions. Intervention   in school and clinic, 39(2), 67. Retrieved on 21 April 2007 from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37did=443394391SrchMode=1sid=2Fmt=4VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1176684625clientId=18091

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Heart Imagery in Great Expectations The heart is a symbolic barometer in Great Expectations that carries us from chapter to pulsating chapter. The novel's characters are forever wearing their hearts on their sleeves and in the process end up baring their souls within the text itself, and without, to the reader. What is the significance of hearts and their many states as described when Pip unfolds his own dramatic rags-to-riches-to-grace tale? Several scenes probe Miss Havisham's psyche with words about the condition of her heart. By analyzing them, we may be able to guess to what purpose Charles Dickens employs the heart imagery so frequently and so effectively. Â   For all the allusions which connect Miss Havisham to death-upon seeing her at the dressing table, Pip is immediately reminded of "some ghastly waxwork" and "a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress," (93) -she is far from dead. Keeping her alive is the promise of youth: Estella and Pip. The promise the children give Miss Havisham, however, is not wholesome or optimistic, and neither is her communication with them. The first thing Miss Havisham reveals to Pip is that she suffers from a broken heart, "[uttering] the word...with strong emphasis, and with a weird smile that had a kind of boast," (94). This seems an odd confession for an adult to heave upon a child. Private miseries are kept quiet in order to spare children from the harsh reality of adult life. Â   But Miss Havisham is not worried about sparing anyone. Because she holds the family fortune, no one will insist that she snap out of her reverie of grief. Her intention is that Estella will learn to break men's hearts as recompense for Miss Havisham's having been broken. She admits to "sick fancies," and her demeanor so troubles Pip that he remarks, "Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it" (95). Yet Pip is ready to forgive Miss Havisham for reducing him to self-hatred, even on that very first day: He tells us that as she watches the card game, Miss Havisham had "the appearance of having dropped... under the weight of a crushing blow" (96). Her posture softens him and he returns to Satis House over and over, even as he knows he is "under" the house's "influence" and it makes him "continue at heart to hate [his] trade" (158).

The Challenge Of Defining Media And Technology In Teaching

Media has many definitions runing from â€Å" a peculiar signifier of communicating † as in â€Å" print versus picture † to â€Å" the industry that provides intelligence and amusement † as in â€Å" the media. † For the intents of this Literature Review media is defined as â€Å" all agencies of communicating, whatever its format † ( Reid, 1994, p. 51 ) . In this sense, media include symbol systems every bit diverse as print, artworks, life, sound, and gesture images. Similarly, engineering has many definitions runing from â€Å" the application of the scientific method to work out jobs as in ‘the engineering of infinite geographic expedition ‘ † to â€Å" the things or procedures which embody cognition or trade within a civilization as in ‘the engineering of composing ‘ . † Within this study, engineering is defined as â€Å" any object or procedure of human beginning that can be used to convey media. † In this sense, engineering includes phenomena every bit diverse as books, movies, telecasting, and the Internet. With regard to instruction, media are the symbol systems that instructors and pupils use to stand for cognition ; engineerings are the tools that allow them to portion their cognition representations with others. The confounding of media ( a symbol system ) with engineering ( a bringing system for media ) is improbable to travel off in popular discourse about instruction any clip shortly, but the differentiation between media and engineering must be clarified every bit unequivocally as possible if their impact is to be understood. The undermentioned quotation mark from the Sixth Edition of the Encyclopedia of Educational Research ( Alkin, 1992 ) clarifies this differentiation: Computer-based engineerings can non be regarded as â€Å" media, † because the assortment of plans, tools, and devices that can be used with them is neither limited to a peculiar symbol system, nor to a peculiar category of activities†¦ †¦ In this visible radiation, â€Å" the computing machine † is in fact a â€Å" many-sided innovation † of many utilizations, a symbolic tool for doing, researching, and believing in assorted spheres. It is used to stand for and pull strings symbol systems – linguistic communication, mathematics, music – and to make symbolic merchandises – verse forms, mathematical cogent evidence, composings. ( Salomon, 1992, p. 892 ) Salomon ‘s ( 1992 ) of import differentiations between media as symbol systems and engineerings as tools or vehicles for sharing media will be used throughout this paper Research shows that pupils learn more when they are able to interact with their instructors and their schoolmates and schoolroom engineering as stated by AACC Cerkovnik would assist to better the talks. Online tutorials, picture based categories. Smart classrooms cost between $ 19,000- $ 25,000. Training and aid would be needed to guarantee that this is a success though. Community College Journal Oct/Nov 2008 Before undertaking undertakings, pedagogues should 1 ) feel comfy utilizing engineering to learn, 2 ) understand the significance of civilization and the most effectual and appropriate ways to analyze it, and 3 ) employ didactically sound schemes for steering pupils in project-based acquisition experiences and easing coaction with instructors and pupils in international schoolrooms done through the whole procedure of making an on-line coaction. On-line instruction can ease, instructors can brainstorm collaborate portion success narratives and job solve and exchange thoughts and engage in Teacher Mentoring. Teacher mentoring is realized through the development of a personal relationship between new instructors and other professionals to add value to instruction. In our Caribbean Society we may happen that this is non frequently possible so instructors normally have to come up with originative solutions toward learning pupils and promoting larning while besides taking on the other duties that go along with the learning profession. The traditional schoolroom is expected to include a Television, DVD, a camera and a projector. A touch screen interfaces that individuals could utilize a touch screen so that they are able synergistic show of information and synergistic whiteboards to utilize in the schools. Even traveling online can increase a individual ‘s use of synergistic online larning environment. Maddux ( 1998 ) says that the ground that engineering has been unsuccessful in the schoolroom is that a ) it is caused by a deficiency of fund B ) those changed by attitudinal alterations. Research shows that pupils learn more when they are able to interact with their instructors and their schoolmates and schoolroom engineering as stated by AACC Cerkovnik would assist to better the talks. Online tutorials, picture based categories. Smart classrooms cost between $ 19,000- $ 25,000. Training and aid would be needed to guarantee that this is a success though. Community College Journal Oct/Nov 2008MANAGING Student Academic Work can besides help in the controlling of inappropriate behavior.Most inappropriate behaviour in schoolrooms that is non earnestly riotous and can be managed by comparatively simple processs that prevent escalation. Effective schoolroom directors pattern accomplishments that minimize misbehavior and the pattern and usage of engineering in the schoolroom can do this a world. When pupils ‘ attending are engaged it makes it less likely for them to desire to be involved in other unproductive activities. It now makes it easier for the instructor to ai rt the pupil to what the remainder of the category should be making ( This could besides hold the consequence of being a distraction from the usual chalk/whiteboard and speak methods that are traditional in the execution of learning in the schoolroom ) – More serious, riotous behaviours such as combat, uninterrupted break of lessons, ownership of drugs and stealing require direct action harmonizing to school board regulation.Basic rules of schoolroom clip direction allows us to acknowledge that allowing pupils take over lets them take the enterprise to be antiphonal to the schoolroom moral force in group activitiesThe instructor nevertheless must ever be the usher assisting the pupils to work through whatever jobs that that your estimation is low.In schoolrooms, the most prevailing positive effects are intrinsic pupil satisfaction ensuing from success, achievement, good classs, societal blessing and acknowledgment. This is why societal networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Twitter are every bit of import as they contribute widely to the whole construct of societal acknowledgment.While congratulations used efficaciously can increase a pupil ‘s assurance and therefore their public presentation it must be express ed in a genuineness, and must be hone in on a specific quality of a kid. Technology helps the kid to detect the quality that they may hold determined to be missingTechnology in our busy mundane lives help us to salvage clip. Can you conceive of a life without microwaves and autos. One in which we have to walk mundane to travel to our assorted finishs? This may look merely the impossible. While many may look to be against the usage of telecasting and the computing machine as primary agencies to replacing learning in the schoolroom this may non ever be a negative. The following shows us some grounds: Dorr ( 1992 ) indicates that most kids in the USA position less than 30 proceedingss of telecasting a hebdomad in school whereas their place telecastings are on about seven hours per twenty-four hours! Why is n't telecasting used more widely in instruction? The instructor plays the major function in make up one's minding what happens in the schoolroom, and every bit long as instructors experience trouble in previewing picture, obtaining equipment, integrating plans into the course of study, and associating telecasting programming to assessment activities, telecasting screening will go on to be comparatively rare in schoolrooms. It besides seems likely that the widespread public belief that telecasting has damaging effects on development, acquisition, and behaviour will go on to restrict telecasting integrating within most schoolrooms beyond that of a comparatively modest auxiliary function. aˆ? There is no conclusive grounds that telecasting stultifies the head. aˆ? There is no consistent grounds that telecasting additions either hyperactivity or passiveness in kids. aˆ? There is deficient grounds that telecasting sing displaces academic activities such as reading or prep and thereby has a negative impact on school accomplishment. The relationship between the sum of clip spent sing telecasting and achievement trial tonss is curvilineal with achievement lifting with 1-2 hours of telecasting per twenty-four hours, but falling with longer sing periods. aˆ? The research grounds indicates that sing force on telecasting is reasonably correlated with aggression in kids and striplings. aˆ? Most surveies show that there are no important differences in effectivity between unrecorded instructor presentations and pictures of instructor presentations. aˆ? Television is non widely in schoolrooms because instructors experience trouble in previewing picture, obtaining equipment, integrating plans into the course of study, and associating telecasting programming to assessment activities. The findings refering the impact of computer-based direction ( CBI ) in instruction can be summed up as: aˆ? Computers as coachs have positive effects on larning as measured by standardised accomplishment trials, are more motivative for pupils, are accepted by more instructors than other engineerings, and are widely supported by decision makers, parents, politicians, and the populace in general. aˆ? Students are able to finish a given set of educational aims in less clip with CBI than needed in more traditional attacks. aˆ? Limited research and rating surveies indicate that incorporate larning systems ( ILS ) are effectual signifiers of CBI which are rather likely to play an even larger function in schoolrooms in the foreseeable hereafter. aˆ? Intelligent tutoring system have non had important impact on mainstream instruction because of proficient troubles built-in in constructing pupil theoretical accounts and easing human-like communications. Overall, the differences that have been found between media and engineering as coachs and human instructors have been modest and inconsistent. It appears that the larger value of media and engineering as coachs remainders in their capacity to actuate pupils, addition equity of entree, and cut down the clip needed to carry through a given set of aims.Learning â€Å" With † Media and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Computer-based cognitive tools have been deliberately adapted or developed to work as rational spouses to enable and ease critical thought and higher order larning. Examples of cognitive tools include: databases, spreadsheets, semantic webs, adept systems, communications package such as teleconferencing plans, online collaborative cognition building environments, multimedia/hypermedia building package, and computing machine scheduling linguistic communications. In the cognitive tools attack, media and engineering are given straight to scholars to utilize for stand foring and showing what they know. Learners themselves function as interior decorators utilizing media and engineering as tools for analysing the universe, accessing and construing information, forming their personal cognition, and stand foring what they know to others The foundations for utilizing package as cognitive tools in instruction are: aˆ? Cognitive tools empower scholars to plan their ain representations of cognition instead than absorbing representations preconceived by others. aˆ? Cognitive tools can be used to back up the deep reflective thought that is necessary for meaningful acquisition. aˆ? Cognitive tools enable aware, disputing larning instead than the effortless acquisition promised but seldom realized by other instructional inventions. aˆ? Ideally, undertakings or jobs for the application of cognitive tools will be situated in realistic contexts with consequences that are personally meaningful for scholars. aˆ? Using multimedia building plans as cognitive tools engages many accomplishments in scholars such as: undertaking direction accomplishments, research accomplishments, organisation and representation accomplishments, presentation accomplishments, and contemplation accomplishments.â€Å" Learning From † and â€Å" Learning With † Media and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .There are two major attacks to utilizing media and engineering in schools: pupils can larn â€Å" from † media and engineering, and they can larn â€Å" with † media and engineering ( Jonassen & A ; Reeves, 1996 ) . Learning â€Å" from † media and engineering is frequently referred to in footings such as instructional telecasting, computer-based direction, or incorporate larning systems ( Hannafin, Hannafin, Hooper, Rieber, & A ; Kini, 1996 ; Seels, Berry, Fullerton, & A ; Horn, 1996 ) . Learnin g â€Å" with † engineering, less widespread than the â€Å" from † attack, is referred to in footings such as cognitive tools ( Jonassen & A ; Reeves, 1996 ) and constructivist acquisition environments ( Wilson, 1996 ) . Regardless of the attack, media and engineering have been introduced into schools because it is believed that they can hold positive effects on instruction and acquisition. The intent of this study is to sum up the grounds for the effectivity and impact of media and engineering in schools around the universe. ( A restriction of this study is that the huge bulk of the published research on the effectivity of media and engineering in schools was conducted in English-speaking states such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. ) Research surveies refering the impact of these different attacks will be presented in the following two subdivisions of this study. But first, it is necessary to clear up what is meant by the footings â€Å" media † and â€Å" engineering † within the context of instruction. regarded as incorrect ; medium is preferred. ( Berube, 1993, p. 846 )The Importance of Media and Technology in Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .One ground for the attending being paid to media and engineering in instruction reflects commercial or corporate involvements. Although printed stuff continues to be â€Å" the dominant medium format † in schools ( Molenda, Russell, & A ; Smaldino, 1998, p. 3 ) , a recent Presidential study in the USA recommends that â€Å" at least five per centum of all public K-12 educational disbursement in the United States ( or about $ 13 billion yearly in changeless 1996 dollars ) should be earmarked for technology-related outgos†¦ . † Still another ground for the focal point on media and instruction stems from crisp dissensions about the value of media and engineering in instruction. Enthusiastic indorsements of new media and engineerings in instruction are easy to happen in intelligence studies, political addresss, and other beginnings. Many of these announcements seem overly-optimistic if non inflated. See this quotation mark from Lewis Perelman ‘s 1993 book titled School ‘s Out: Because of the permeant and powerful impact of HL ( hyperlearning ) engineering, we now are sing the disruptive coming of an economic and societal transmutation more profound than the industrial revolution. The same engineering that is transforming work offers new larning systems to work out the jobs it creates. In the aftermath of the HL revolution, the engineering called â€Å" school † and the societal establishment normally thought of as â€Å" instruction † will be as disused and finally nonextant as the dinosaurs. ( p. 50 ) A typical illustration of this comes from the present Government of Trinidad and Tobago ‘d want to give free laptops to SEA pupils in the center of September 2010. However, despite such rhetoric and other, more conservative, optimism expressed in the popular imperativeness and authorities paperss, there are besides many sceptics and a few vocal critics of media and engineering in instruction. A recent screen narrative of The Atlantic Monthly entitled â€Å" The Computer Delusion † illustrates a critical position of engineering in instruction, get downing with this opening sentence: There is no good grounds that most utilizations of computing machines significantly better instruction and acquisition, yet school territories are cutting plans – music, art, physical instruction – that enrich kids ‘s lives to do room for this doubtful panacea, and the Clinton Administration has embraced the end of â€Å" computing machines in every schoolroom † with credulous and dearly-won enthusiasm. ( Oppenheimer, 1997, p. 45 ) . One would believe that the plans such as the Arts and the music will be what the pupils will most likely want to acquire involved with as these countries are more synergistic. Another popular belief is that telecasting screening is damaging to the academic accomplishment of school-age kids and teens. While some surveies have reported a negative correlativity between the sum of telecasting screening and scholastic public presentation, such statistics are susceptible to misunderstandings because of step ining variables such as intelligence and socioeconomic position ( Seels et al. , 1996 ) .Undoubtedly, the most widespread belief about telecasting is that it fosters force and aggressive behaviours among kids and striplings ( Winn,Research ConsequencesThe most positive research intelligence about larning â€Å" from † telecasting can be found in the schoolroom where 40 old ages of research show positive effects on larning from telecasting plans that are explicitly produced and used for instructional intents ( Dorr, 1992 ; Seels et al. , 1996 ) . In add-on, most surveies show that there are no important differences in effectivity between unrecorded inst ructor presentations and pictures of instructor presentations ( Seels et al. , 1996 ) . More significantly, there is strong grounds that telecasting is used most efficaciously when it is deliberately designed for instruction and when instructors are involved in its choice, use, and integrating into the course of study ( Johnson, 1987 ) . Historically, surveies of the large-scale executions of instructional telecasting have shown assortedFuture NeedsUnfortunately, there is a dearth of developmental research focused on how instructors might outdo usage telecasting in the schoolroom to heighten academic accomplishment. We know that motive is an of import factor in deriving the most from any educational experience, but we do n't cognize how instructors can efficaciously actuate pupils to go to to educational telecasting. We know that feedback refering the message received ( or non received ) from telecasting is of import, but we lack clear waies as to when and how instructors should supply that feedback. And even when recommendations for utilizing telecasting in the schoolroom do be ( Stone, 1997 ) , there is small grounds that these guidelines are built-in parts of the course of study in most teacher readying plans ( Waxman & A ; Bright, 1993 ) .Learning â€Å" from † Computers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The earliest signifiers of computer-based direction were to a great extent influenced by the behavioural psychological science of B.F. Skinner ( 1968 ) . These plans were basically automated signifiers of programmed direction. They presented information to the pupil in little sections, required the pupil to do open responses to the information as stimulation, and provided feedback to the pupil along withdifferential ramification to other sections of direction or to drill-and-practice modus operandis. Although this basic behavioural theoretical account continues to rule mainstream educational applications of computing machines such as incorporate larning systems ( Bailey, 1992 ) , interactivity in some of today ‘s most advanced applications, such as constructivist larning environments ( Wilson, 1996 ) , is based upon progresss in cognitive psychological science and constructivist teaching method ( Coley et al. , 1997 ) ( see Section Three of this study ) .Research ConsequencesThe good intelligence is that even with a chiefly behavioural teaching method, computing machines as coachs have positive effects on larning as measured by standardised accomplishment trials, are more motivative for pupils, are accepted by more instructors than other engineerings, and are widely supported by decision makers, parents, politicians, and the populace in general ( Coley et al. , 1997 ; President ‘s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, 1997 ) .Integrated Learning SystemsIntegrated larning systems ( ILS ) utilize computing machine webs to unite comprehensive educational â€Å" courseware † with centralised direction tools.. In a particular issue of Education Technology magazine devoted to ILS, Bailey ( 1992 ) asked two primary inquiries: â€Å" Why do they ( ILS ) continue to rule the school engineering market? Are they every bit effectual as the sellers claim? † ( p. 3 ) . Why are ILS so popular among pedagogues, at least those with the power to do buying determinations? Bailey ( 1993 ) and Becker ( 1992b ) depict some of the sensed advantages of incorporate larning systems that help to explicate why ILS dominate the school engineering market, Networking allows centralized direction by instructors and decision makers.The Effects of Learning with and of TechnologySalomon, Perkins, and Globerson ( 1991 ) make an of import differentiation between the effects of larning with and of engineering: First, we distinguish between two sorts of cognitive effects: Effectss with engineering obtained during rational partnership with it, and the effects of it in footings of the movable cognitive residue that this partnership leaves behind in the signifier of better command of accomplishments and schemes. ( p. 2 )Easy Learning?Cognitive tools are learner-controlled, non teacher-controlled or technology-driven. For illustration, when pupils build databases, they are besides building their ain conceptualisation of the organisation of a sphere of cognition. Cognitive tools are non designed to cut down information processing, that is, do a undertaking easier, ( Perkins, 1993 ) . The nature and beginning of the undertaking or job is paramount in applications of cognitive tools. Past failures of â€Å" tool † attacks to utilizing computing machines in instruction can be attributed mostly to the delegating of the tools to traditional academic undertakings set by instructors or the course of study. Cognitive tools are intended to be used by pupils to stand for cognition and work out jobs while prosecuting probes that are relevant to their ain lives. These probes are ideally situated within a constructivist larning environment ( Duffy, Lowyck, & A ; Jonassen, 1993 ) . Cognitive tools wo n't be effectual when used to back up teacher-controlled undertakings entirely.Multimedia as a Cognitive ToolAnother facet that we would look at is the usage of of multimedia building package Programs. Multimedia is the integrating of more than one medium into some signifier of communicating or experience delivered via a computing machine. Most frequently, multimedia refers to the integrating of media such as text, sound, artworks, life, picture, imagination, and spacial mold into a computing machine system ( von Wodtke, 1993 ) . Using comparatively cheap desktop computing machines, users are now able to capture sounds and picture, manipulate sound and images to accomplish particular effects, synthesise sound and picture, create sophisticated artworks including life, and incorporate them all into a individual multimedia presentation Multimedia presentations are prosecuting because they are multimodal. In other words, multimedia can excite more than one sense at a clip, and in making so, may be more eye-catching and attention-holding.In the cognitive tools attack, multimedia is non a signifier of direction to larn from, but instead a tool for building and larning with. Learners may make their ain multimedia cognition representations that reflect their ain positions on or understanding of thoughts. Or scholars may join forces with other scholars to develop a schoolroom or school multimedia cognition base.Research ConsequencesIdeally, undertakings or jobs for the application of multimedia building package as a cognitive tool should be situated in realistic contexts with consequences that are personally meaningful for scholars. Beichner ( 1994 ) studies on a undertaking where these conditions were met in a alone manner. The topics in this Carver, Lehrer, Connell, and Ericksen ( 1992 ) list some of the major thought accomplishments that scholars learn and use as multimedia interior decorators: Project Management Skills aˆ? Making a timeline for the completion of the undertaking. aˆ? Allocating resources and clip to different parts of the undertaking. aˆ? Delegating functions to team members. Research Skills aˆ? Determining the nature of the job and how research should be organized. aˆ? Presenting thoughtful inquiries about construction, theoretical accounts, instances, values, and functions. aˆ? Searching for information utilizing text, electronic, and pictural information beginnings. aˆ? Developing new information with interviews, questionnaires and other study methods. aˆ? Analyzing and construing all the information collected to place and construe forms. Organization and Representation Skills aˆ? Deciding how to section and sequence information to do it apprehensible. aˆ? Deciding how information will be represented ( text, images, films, sound, etc. ) . aˆ? Deciding how the information will be organized ( hierarchy, sequence ) and how it will be linked. Presentation Skills aˆ? Maping the design onto the presentation and implementing the thoughts in multimedia. aˆ? Attracting and keeping the involvements of the intended audiences. Contemplation Skills aˆ? Measuring the plan and the procedure used to make it. aˆ? Revising the design of the plan utilizing feedback. something â€Å" from † these communications. The instructional procedures built-in in the â€Å" from † attack to utilizing media and engineering in schools can be reduced to a series of simple stairss: 1 ) exposing pupils to messages encoded in media and delivered by engineering, 2 ) presuming that pupils perceive and encode these messages, 3 ) necessitating a response to bespeak that messages have been received, and 4 ) supplying feedback as to the adequateness of the response. Television and the computing machine are the two primary engineerings used in the â€Å" from † attack. The findings refering the impact of telecasting in instruction can be summed up as: aˆ? There is no conclusive grounds that telecasting stultifies the head. aˆ? There is no consistent grounds that telecasting additions either hyperactivity or passiveness in kids. aˆ? There is deficient grounds that telecasting sing displaces academic activities such as reading or prep and thereby has a negative impact on school accomplishment. The relationship between the sum of clip spent sing telecasting and achievement trial tonss is curvilineal with achievement lifting with 1-2 hours of telecasting per twenty-four hours, but falling with longer sing periods. aˆ? The preponderance of the research grounds indicates that sing force on telecasting is reasonably correlativeJournal of Research on Technology and EducationPractical Learning A Vital OpportunityBy Kate Shoesmith, Senior Manager for Policy & A ; Practice, City & A ; Guilds Centre for Skills DevelopmentEmbracing Technology in the Secondary School Curriculum: The Status in Two Eastern Secondary Schools.Karleen A Mason The Journal of Negro Education ; Winter 2007 ; Vol 76, No. 1 ; Academic Research Library pg. 5The Impact of Media and Technology in Schools A Research Report prepared for The Bertelsmann Foundation Thomas C. Reeves, Ph.D. The University of Georgia February 12, 1998Global Projects and Digital Tools that Make pupils Global scholars by Sheila Offman GershCultureQuest undertakings can be viewed at hypertext transfer protocol: //culturequest.us/sample_projects.htm, hypertext transfer protocol: //culturequest.us/teacherprojects.html, and hypertext transfer protocol: //tec hshowcase.googlepages.comTeachers mentoring other instructors: What to make and what to avoid when offering teacher supportby Christina Pomoni